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Combined, the effects of style bias and familiarity ( R 2 = 0.152) exceeded the other effects as predictors for groove by a wide margin. The largest isolated effect was measured for participants’ style bias ( R 2 = 0.123): groove ratings tended to be high if participants had the impression that the drum pattern belonged to a style they liked. Participants’ familiarity with a drum pattern had a positive influence on the groove ratings ( η 2 = 0.051). Beat salience, residual microtiming and rhythmic variability showed no effect on the groove ratings. A categorisation of the stimuli according to structural aspects was also associated with groove ( R 2 = 0.018). These effects were stronger in participants who were music professionals, compared to amateur musicians or mere listeners. Results show that, among 15 tested variables, syncopation ( R 2 = 0.010) and event density ( R 2 = 0.011) were positively associated with the groove ratings. During an online listening experiment, 665 participants rated the reconstructions a total of 8,329 times using a groove questionnaire. Drum patterns of eight bars duration, chosen from 248 popular music tracks, have been transcribed and audio reconstructions have been created on the basis of sound samples.
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It aims at identifying factors that might be relevant for groove and worth investigating in a controlled setting in the future. This exploratory study investigates the groove effect of 248 reconstructed drum patterns from different popular music styles (pop, rock, funk, heavy metal, rock’n’roll, hip hop, soul, R&B). Past research has found that rhythmic syncopation, event density, beat salience, and rhythmic variability are positively associated with groove. Music psychology defines groove as humans’ pleasureable urge to move their body in synchrony with music.